It is possible, for example, that males are more likely to engage in delinquent coping because they have a greater tendency to associate with delinquent peers, or because they have lower levels of conventional social support. Examples of interventions that may have potential in this area include parenting and anger-management programs (for overviews, see Agnew, 1995b, 2006). First, aggressive individuals have a propensity to interpret any given situation as frustrating and to blame others for their frustration. In longitudinal analyses that controlled for levels of social control, delinquent peers, and prior behavior, they find that delinquency is predicted by negative life events, negative relations with adults, school/peer hassles, and neighborhood problems. In the face of strain that originates in families, schools, or neighborhoods, adolescents have fewer opportunities for legal coping. Moreover, Froggio (2007), argues that surveys in the future should incorporate Agnews assumptions of when crime is most likely to occur. General Strain Theory has a greater theoretical sophistication than its traditional counterpart, not only in terms of specifying different types of strain but, most importantly, in recognizing the relationship between the individual and society is more-complex than that suggested by writers like Merton. No plagiarism, guaranteed! Google Scholar. A negative affect such as anger, is likely to lead an individual to take corrective steps to quell their anger. idea and it is not surprising that strain theory has had a major impact on delinquency research and public policy (Liska,b). At the same time, however, opportunities for achieving monetary success are distributed unevenly in society. These alternative links, however, have received less attention. An example of this source of strain would be when an outcome of a situation conflicts with what the individual believed they deserved. The full potential of GST has yet to be realized, however, as the theory continues to evolve and further testing is required. To make strain theory more applicable to juvenile delinquency, Cohen offered a revised version of the theory, which placed less emphasis on monetary success. General strain theory (GST) is an established criminological theory. For example, being bullied by peers on a frequent basis is a type of strain that is expected to have a relatively strong relationship to delinquency. Likewise, a study by Hoffmann and Ireland (2004) produced mixed results regarding the impact of school-context variables on delinquency. Explains that agnew's general strain theory looks at factors that increase the likelihood of people cutting with strange through crime, such as poor coping skills and resources, low levels of conventional social support, beliefs favorable to crime and membership in delinquent peer groups. Consequently, tests of GST that fail to distinguish between situation- and trait-based emotions could be problematic. Since its inception, strain theory has attempted to explore the dynamic evoked between the process of goal identification and the process of goal acquisition as this relates to subsequent criminal behavior. The link was not copied. All produce negative emotional states/feelings. Several findings from this study are noteworthy. According to GST, the experience of strain or stress tends to generate negative emotions such as anger, frustration, depression, and despair. Numerous additional tests of GST have produced similar results, indicating a relationship between various strains and offending behavior (for an overview, see Agnew 2006). The major versions of strain theory describe 1) the particular strains most likely to lead to crime, 2) why strains increase crime, and 3) the factors that lead a person to or dissuade a person from responding to strains with crime. Since General Strain Theory builds off the idea that blocked goals cause negative emotions such as anger, it should be emphasized that going to anger management is appropriate route to coping with stress rather than using alternative means such as beating someone up. These differences, in turn, are linked to the gender gap in delinquent involvement. The full potential of these revisions has yet to evaluated, as few studies have fully incorporated the recommended specifications. An additional level of complexity has been introduced by studies that distinguish between situation-based emotions and trait-based emotions. Why do people "adapt" to strain in different ways? Further, the association between strain and future offending appears to be especially strong for individuals who possess an angry disposition. 3 What is the assumption of strain theories? After all, aspirations typically involve ideal goals or outcomes and are somewhat utopian in character. To cope with this frustration, status-frustrated boys tend to band together and rebel against middle-class expectations. First, they find that neighborhood disadvantage and instability are associated with elevated levels of neighborhood strain. This question would be answered yes by Robert Agnew and can be examined using his General Strain Theory which explores the causes strain, how to measure strain, the relationship between strain and crime, as well as policy implications based directly off his theory. Often times anger leads an individual to seek revenge and is also a strong motivator for action. In order for a person like me, who is eternally critical, to become an advocate of a theory like such, I would like to see more comprehensive studies done. Second, certain data suggest that the response to strain is gendered, with males being more likely to cope with strain in a criminal or delinquent manner. A variety of explanations have been offered to account for this gender gap in offending. It may also foster beliefs favorable to crime (e.g., the belief that crime is justified), increase the appeal of delinquent peer groups (such groups may be seen as a solution to strain), and contribute to certain traits that are conducive to crime, such as negative emotionality and low self-control (Agnew, 2006; Agnew, Brezina, Wright, & Cullen, 2002). (Sub)cultural theories (Cohen 1955;Ogbu 1978;Willis 1977), on. Under certain conditions, however, criminal or delinquent responses to strain are more likely to occur. Further, the experience of anger tends to reduce ones tolerance for injury or insult, lowers inhibitions, energizes the individual to action, and creates desires for retaliation and revenge (Agnew, 1992). The theory explains that it is the social structures that influence a person to commit a crime. Free resources to assist you with your university studies! General strain theory can be easy to subscribe to due in part to its broad scope, and General Strain Theory unlike previous strain theories is able to focus on middle and lower class delinquency, rather than exclusively lower class like Merton. Which of the following is a weakness of Mertons anomie theory? Aggressive individuals can be described as having a difficult temperamentthey are irritable and have a low tolerance for frustration. The first major type of strain involves the inability of individuals to achieve their goals, or goal blockage. Although classic strain theories also focused on goal blockage, they tended to focus on a single type of goal blockage; namely, a disjunction between aspirations and expectations. Depending upon the type of stress they encounter, there is a greater likelihood that certain individuals may choose to commit a crime. Thus any deviation from this value would result in an internal strain in the molecule. As a result of their difficult temperament, aggressive individuals have difficulty maintaining stable relationships and employment. For example, the finding that anger is unrelated to the likelihood of legitimate coping, is a finding that is not assumed in General Strain Theory (Broidy 2001:29), as the theory does in fact predict that negative emotions like anger would be associated with legitimate coping strategies. Chronic anger tends to foster attitudes that favor aggression, which in turn increase the likelihood of violent offending. A longitudinal test of the revised theory was also published (Agnew, 1989). Relatively few studies have examined intervening processes that involve factors other than emotions. When legitimate coping strategies were either ineffective or unavailable, an individual was likely to adopt illegitimate coping strategies. These negative emotions, in turn, are said to create pressures for corrective action, with crime or delinquency being one possible response. These factors are said to constrain females, limiting their ability to engage in crime. It includes, for example, stressors that could be experienced by both lower-class and middle-class individuals. These chronic, high-rate offenders typically exhibit highly aggressive behavior as young children, engage in high levels of delinquency during adolescence, and persist in serious offending as they grow older (Moffitt, 1993). Strain theories state that certain strains or stressors increase the likelihood of crime. Although GST highlights the role of negative effect, the experience of strain is thought to have other consequences of a criminogenic nature. Merton (1938) illustrates four responses to this strain. Furthermore, the GST's broad scope makes document forgery impossible. Registered office: Creative Tower, Fujairah, PO Box 4422, UAE. Although most young offenders age out of crime as they enter adulthood, some individuals maintain high levels of offending throughout much of the life course. A criticism made by Bernard (1987), is that the strain . Strain theories are generally macrolevel theories, and they share several core assumptions: first, the idea that social order is the product of a generally cohesive set of norms; second, that those norms are widely shared by community members; and third, that deviance and community reactions to deviance are essential . Where most other strain theories, such as Mertons, put a heavy focus on accumulation of wealth, a structural cultural goal, Agnew tends to focus on goals that cause strain other than wealth accumulation. According to general strain theory (introduced by Robert Agnew in 1992), strain triggered negative emotions, which in turn necessitated coping. Piquero and Sealock (2004) analyze data from a small sample of justice-involved youth and find that males and females generally experience the same amount of overall strain. According to Agnew (2001) studies show that delinquency peaks when desires, goals, and the expectation of achieving the desires or goals are low, and delinquency is lowest when desires, goals and the expectation of accomplishing the goals are high(Agnew 2001:). Crime is one possible response. If you need assistance with writing your essay, our professional essay writing service is here to help! This type of access increases the likelihood that such youth will specialize in money-oriented crimes as opposed to drug use or violence. A test of general strain theory. The experience of chronic or repeated strain, in particular, may weaken relationships with conventional others and therefore result in low social control. According to GST, the experience of strain or stress tends to generate negative emotions such as anger, frustration, depression, and despair. Agnew, Robert ( 2001) 'Building on the Foundation of General Strain Theory: Specifying the Types of Strain Most Likely to Lead to Crime and Delinquency' , Journal of Research in Crime and Delinquency 38 (4 . For example, young people in poor inner-city communities experience high levels of family disruption, abuse and neglect, exposure to community violence, school problems, persistent poverty, unemployment, under-employment, and struggle to achieve goals related to money and status (Brezina & Agnew, 2013). They also face much class and racial/ethnic discrimination, including negative experiences with the police and other representatives of the larger society (see Bernard, 1990). As predicted by GST, a number of studies indicate that the relationship between strain and offending is partly mediated by anger, and this is especially true of studies that focus on violent behavior (e.g., Aseltine, Gore, & Gordon, 2000; Agnew, 1985; Brezina, 1998; Broidy, 2001; Hay & Evans, 2006; Jang & Johnson, 2003; Mazerolle & Piquero, 1997, 1998; Mazerolle, Piquero, & Capowich, 2003; Moon et al., 2009). These articles provide researchers with many helpful suggestions for testing GST. Cohen theorized that this inability to live up to middle-class expectations creates status frustration. General strain theory (GST) is an established criminological theory. They also find support for the interpersonal friction argument, noting that, in such schools, students in general (not just angry students) have an elevated risk of becoming involved in fights. Other school-context variables (such as mean level of negative affect) exhibit little or no relationship to problem behavior. What are the weaknesses of the strain theory? To export a reference to this article please select a referencing stye below: If you are the original writer of this essay and no longer wish to have your work published on UKEssays.com then please: Our academic writing and marking services can help you! In longitudinal analyses, a summary measure of strain predicted future delinquency, even after controlling for measures of social control, delinquent peer associations, and prior delinquent behavior. There is some evidence that negative emotions other than anger may help to account for the relationship between strain and offending, at least for certain deviant outcomes (e.g., Bao, Haas, & Pi, 2007; Ganem, 2010; Hay & Meldrum, 2010; Jang & Johnson, 2003; Kaufman, 2009; Piquero et al., 2010). Agnew's Theory state that "strains are shaped by various factors, including the nature, intensity, and duration of the strain, the emotions that the strain produces in the individual, the collection of coping mechanisms at an individual's disposal (Broidy 2001:10)." At the same time, certain strainsespecially chronic strains experienced in early childhoodmay promote the trait of aggressiveness, leading individuals to possess an angry and irritable temperament that transcends particular situations (Agnew, 1997). However, Agnew (1985), suggests that tests have proved differently. Any opinions, findings, conclusions or recommendations expressed in this material are those of the authors and do not necessarily reflect the views of UKEssays.com. The third major type of strain involves the loss of positively valued stimuli. It is important to recognize that GST is an evolving theoretical framework. Over the long run, however, delinquent responses to strain are likely to exacerbate problems with parents, teachers, and conventional peers. Although none of the programs are explicitly based on strain theory, they deal with three major types of strain noted in general strain theory. As result, adolescents are more likely to respond to strain in an immature and ineffective manner. GST was designed primarily to explain why individuals differ in their levels of crime and delinquency. In this paper, the limitations and . First, they argue that the gender gap in crime is related, in part, to the different types of strain that are experienced by males and females. According to Bernard (1990), angry/frustrated individuals often have difficulty trusting others, attribute hostile motives to strangers, and view aggression as appropriate or justifiable in many different circumstances (see also Agnew, 2006). Under this broad definition, GST delineates three major types of strain. Goal blockage may include the inability to achieve other valued goals, such as respect and masculine status (e.g., the expectation that one be treated like a man), autonomy (e.g., the desire to achieve a certain amount of personal independence), and the desire for excitement. Anger and depression are often are the results of failing to achieve goals, such as a student struggling to fit in with his peers or with the loss of a positively valued stimuli such as a friend or family member. After reading the literature, policy implications for General Strain Theory become obvious. It is beyond the scope of this article to consider every relevant study. The limitations are as discussed below: First, the theory does not recognize that there are individuals who are self-driven and cannot be compromised by the status of the surrounding community. Emile Durkheim first popularized the term anomie, which essentially is defined normlessness, or the instability that occurs when norms and cultural values breakdown. In the longitudinal analyses, however, strain did not predict drug use (although the effect was significant in cross-sectional analyses). Agnew describes that by removing a positively valued stimuli it has the potential to cause strain. Drawing on the stress literature, Agnew (2006) broadened the definition of strain to include events or conditions that are disliked by individuals (p. 4). The trait of aggressiveness may result, in part, from chronic strains experienced in childhood, such as harsh or erratic parental discipline. For instance, different types of strain may have distinct emotional consequences, leading to distinct behavior outcomes (Ganem, 2010). Moreover, in urban communities with high rates of male joblessness, the effect of individual-level stress on delinquency was magnified. It is important to explain this pattern of offending, as such offenders commit a disproportionate share of serious crime. Variation in crime across macro-level social units is typically explained in terms of deviant subcultures or breakdowns in social control. This type of strain involves the loss of something valued and encompasses a wide range of undesirable events or experiences, such as the theft of valued property, the loss of a romantic relationship, or the withdrawal of parental love. For instance, it was argued that individuals experience strain when they aspire to achieve monetary success but do not expect to attain it, because they perceive the goal of success to be out of reach. GST has been partly successful in overcoming these limitations. Society defines what avenues are to be considered legitimate to achieve this goal, for example, earning a college degree and earning a high paying job would be a legitimate path as defined by our society. Further, during the period of adolescence, young people experience a number of biological and social changes that are believed to reduce their levels of social control (Agnew & Brezina, 2015). Further, familiarity with these works will help to ensure that researchers have knowledge of the latest developments in GST. Why do people turn to crime in the strain theory? According to GST, the experience of strain or stress tends to generate negative emotions such as anger, frustration, depression, and despair. Recent research, how-ever, has been critical of strain theory or, at best, has provided only mixed support for the theory. In other neighborhoods, strained youth specialize in violent behavior or in money-oriented crimes. Agnews Theory state that strains are shaped by various factors, including the nature, intensity, and duration of the strain, the emotions that the strain produces in the individual, the collection of coping mechanisms at an individuals disposal (Broidy 2001:10). By measuring these factors, primarily intensity and duration of strain, General Strain Theory can be empirically tested by criminologists. Assumptions of strain theory This theory is founded on the following assumptions: Planar Rings are utilized in all of the ring structures. General strain theory regards strain as having three distinct sources: (1) blockage of desired goals, (2) withdrawal or loss of valued objects, and (3) introduction of negative stimuli. It builds and extends from the fraud triangle theory. Our academic experts are ready and waiting to assist with any writing project you may have. Using longitudinal data on South Korean youth, the authors addressed limitations of previous tests of general strain theory (GST), focusing on the relationships among key strains, situational- and trait-based negative emotions, conditioning factors, and delinquency. The initial statement of GST (Agnew, 1992), which constituted a more fully developed version of the revised theory, was published several years later under the title, Foundation for a General Strain Theory of Delinquency. This initial statement was followed by several revisions and extensions of GST, including articles that specified gender differences in response to strain (Broidy & Agnew, 1997), the macro-level implications of GST (Agnew, 1999), the types of strain that are most relevant to crime (Agnew, 2001), and that further specified the conditions under which strain will have a greater or lesser effect on crime (Agnew, 2013). What are the strengths and weaknesses of Mertons strain theory? Using data from the 2008 Youth in Europe Survey, this study applies general strain theory of deviance to suicidal behaviors of Turkish adolescents. The American dream is a popular culturally defined goal, Merton argued, which through honest-dedicated work, anyone can achieve this dream of wealth. Other studies, however, fail to observe the predicted conditioning effects (e.g., Hoffmann & Miller, 1998; Mazerolle & Piquero, 1997; for an overview, see, Agnew, 2006). One of the major criticisms is the fact that the strain theory is based on weak empirical support. According to GST, however, the primary reason these strains are related to crime and delinquency is because they increase the likelihood that individuals will experience negative emotions, such as anger, resentment, anxiety, and depression. Jang and Rhodes (2012), however, find that the effects of strain are partly mediated by social bonds and self-control, but not delinquent peers. Males are much more likely than females to engage in crime and delinquency, with the gender difference in offending being greatest for serious offenses. Disadvantages. Under the terms of the licence agreement, an individual user may print out a single article for personal use (for details see Privacy Policy and Legal Notice). For example, in empirical tests, the experience of strain or goal-blockage did not prove to be a strong predictor of delinquency. Strain theory is a sociology and criminology theory developed in 1938 by Robert K. Merton. Crime is one possible response. Research on other aspects of the theory, however, has produced inconsistent results. Summary. Readers may also be interested in a book chapter titled, Controlling Delinquency: Recommendations from General Strain Theory (Agnew, 1995b), which provides an in-depth discussion of the policy implications of GST. In addition to subcultural orientations and breakdowns in social control, GST asserts that high-crime communities tend to suffer from a relatively high proportion and angry and frustrated residents (Agnew, 1999). General strain theory (GST) is the latest and broadest version of strain theory (Agnew, 2006). A majority of life circumstances can lead individuals to create a crime from their negative emotions, such as frustration and anger. Among females, depression does not alter the effect of anger. Similar findings are reported by Jang and Song (2015) and Ousey, Wilcox, and Schreck (2015). In another multilevel study of problem behavior in schools, de Beeck, Pauwels, and Put (2012) find that a school-level measure of strain, based on negative future prospects, predicts violence but not other delinquencies. They try to increase the likelihood that youth . ISI. As a result, compared to non-aggressive individuals, aggressive individuals are more likely to respond to various situations with anger and delinquent coping. These negative emotions, in turn, are said to create pressures for corrective action, with crime or delinquency being one possible response. Following the initial statement of GST (Agnew, 1992), Agnew (2001) further specified the theory and identified those strains that are said to be most relevant to offending. What Are the Strengths and Weaknesses of Mertons Strain Theory in Understanding Crime paper focuses on the social strain theory. These include strains that are high in magnitude (severe, frequent, of long duration, or involving matters of high importance to the individual), are seen as unjust and associated with low social control, and they can be readily resolved through crime. Although certain strains may be universally stressful or frustrating (e.g., hunger, homelessness, physical pain), most strains have a subjective component. General Strain theory in my opinion is parsimonious in its general explanation of why strain causes crime, but latent variables such as gender, age, race, neighborhood, and other factors make it complicated when it boils down to experimental testing. These strains may involve one-time events, are not likely to be blamed on others, are not easily resolved by engaging in crime, and thus generate little pressure for criminal coping. Peoples methods of coping with stress can take two general avenues, the first avenue being the use of legitimate means of achieving goals or coping with stress, such as seeking professional help, and the second being illegitimate means, for example, bullying kids at school because of frustrations of not fitting in. Although Merton outlined several possible ways individuals may cope with strain, one response is to pursue monetary success through illegitimate or illegal means, such as drug sales or theft. The main reason for delinquency in this case is to attempt to improve their outcome, such as lying on sales and fudging the books, or affect others outcome, such as writing slanderous rumors that get someone fired (Agnew 1992:54). 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