Mr. Ruth is a member of the SAE J1698 Event Data Recorder Committee, and a member of ISO's EDR related TC22/SC12/WG7, and a former member of the ASTM 4150 group that developed an EDR procedure. Neil deGrasse Tyson A crash The yaw angle is the included angle between the vehicles centerline and the path of the cg. Prosecution gives closing argument in Murdaugh murder trial. Add or subtract half the wheel track to obtain the path radius for the vehicle's center of mass. (LogOut/ It is often given the variable name F, and is a measure of the relative slipperiness of two surfaces in contact. Photographs of the accident vehicles rarely depict undercarriage damage. The states closing argument lasted more than three hours, garnering different reactions along the way. ATHENS, Ga. (Atlanta News First) - An arrest warrant has been issued for a Georgia football player as a result of the ongoing investigation into the Jan. 15 fatal crash Acceleration is the rate change of velocity with respect to time, or length per unit time squared. Momentum is a vector quantity having direction and magnitude. Inspection of the road surface is also vital, especially when traction has been lost due to black ice, diesel fuel contamination, or obstacles such as road debris. Describe EDR sensor operation, recording interval and duration, resolution, accuracy, and time latency and articulate the limitations of applying the data to crash analysis, Calculate min and max speeds prior to loss of control or braking, and at impact based on the last accurate EDR pre-crash speed data point, Evaluate EDR vs. actual ground speed for specific vehicle operational conditions and vehicle equipment modifications, Calculate speed at impact and closing speeds by combining EDR Delta V data with normally collected scene and vehicle data such as post crash travel distance, departure angle, drag factor, and vehicle weights, Apply data to inline rear end, head on, and angular collisions, Reconcile EDR data with other physical evidence and combine to narrow speed ranges, Use time-distance and overlay EDR data on scene maps/diagrams to show where critical driving inputs were made vs. inputs required to avoid collisions, Overview current status of EDRs in the US and worldwide, EDR data availability by manufacturer by model and model year. Motorcycle collision reconstruction is similar to other collision reconstruction techniques and relies on the same basic principles of conservation of energy and momentum as automobile collision reconstruction plus adds the specifics of motorcycle dynamics and rider control. For example, a force directed toward the front of a vehicle along its centerline would have a 0 degree or 12 oclock PDOF. nTG\ This makes it possible to bracket the actual vehicle closing speed of a particular accident, based on the damage to both vehicles. The Academy trains cadets in Level I investigation then offers Level II training on a regular basis. If this is a relatively high-speed plastic impact, however, the departure speeds will be close to the same value. One of the specialty areas of the RCMP is accident reconstruction. The West Yorkshire Roads Policing Vehicle BMW and an Armed Response BMW X The center of gravity, or cg, is simply the balance point of a vehicle. Applying Automotive EDR Data to Traffic Crash Reconstruction (3 days) OR. Therefore, a vehicle inspection is often preferable. Closing Speed Consulting is a state licensed investigations company (License# A04151001) located in Rockwall, Texas. WebIllinois auto accident / crash reconstruction experts. Yaw is rotation of the vehicle about a vertical axis passing through the vehicle cg. One example is the confirmation of ground contact to the vehicle undercarriage. Speed and velocity are different entities, although in colloquial speech these two words are often, although inaccurately, used interchangeably. WebTraffic accident reconstruction involves determining such particulars as position on the road, facing or heading direction, speed, direction of travel, acceleration or deceleration, and rotation. WebThis years fall conference will include two days of presentations from several experts in the field of Traffic Crash Reconstruction. Collision reconstruction software is regularly used by law enforcement personnel and consultants to analyze a collision and to demonstrate what occurred in a collision. Our algorithm compares the damage done to vehicles in staged low-speed collisions. The reason these tools are often used by the reconstruction specialist is because of the large number of calculations that can be completed over very small increments of time throughout the collision event. How to Market Your Business with Webinars. It may further be defined as the algebraic sum of the He has 10 published papers on EDR accuracy and assists civil attorneys and prosecutors in Frye and Daubert hearings to get EDR data admitted in court. If paying by any other method or if you have general questions, please contact SAE Customer Service. WebWhat is Closing Speed? Measure the roadway cross-slope relative to the yaw mark. Latest News. This project is currently in progress for over a year, and is estimated to be release possibly in 2021. The coefficient of friction of each segment is the sine of the yaw angle multiplied by the coefficient of the friction determined through on-site brake testing. These people analyze traffic accidents to determine the cause of an accident and the causes of any injuries that people sustained. The coefficient of restitution, commonly given the variable name e, is unitless and can have a value of between 0 and 1. This led to the establishment of "Accreditation Commission for Traffic Accident Reconstruction" (ACTAR), an industry accreditation group. The PDOF is the direction of the summation of all collision forces required to deform the vehicle. 2023 SAE International. If vehicle A is doing 60mph and vehicle B is doing 60mph then the closing speed would be 120mph. For this reason, it is crucial to have accurate values of e when studying a low-speed collision. "Follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything." The approach typically starts with identifying data that is known, which may include where the vehicle (s) ended up and the damage that occurred. Accident Reconstruction is the forensic science of determining how an accident occurred while assisting in the determination of the cause or why an accident or particular event during an accident happened using all available physical evidence. Derived terms commonly used by the reconstructionist are velocity, acceleration, energy (work), and momentum. ?Ir;^z{*',P-5%Aw[X#[dk= e8X\O4!#LND91WN.AJ8ZfY 5Z;@f`20 >>)J@bL ER)n3S88 hD'K #=Cy|. WebA: Closing speed is used to indicate the speed of approach of two colliding bodies immediately before contact. While the study of photographs of vehicle damage is important, many details about the degree of vehicle deformation can be vague or not fully documented in such photographs. Determining the post-impact vehicle departure speeds is the first step of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of a two-car highway accident. By definition, speed is a scalar quantity having only magnitude. Various types of collision reconstruction software are used to recreate crash and crime scenes and to perform other useful tasks involved in reconstructing collisions. Learn more > Blasting / Vibration Damage [8], Northwestern University Center for Public Safety conducts Traffic Crash Investigation courses utilized by both law enforcement and public agencies. Upon completion of this seminar, accredited reconstructionists should mail a copy of their course certificate and the $5 student CEU fee to ACTAR, PO Box 1493, North Platte, NE 69103. Over estimating the vehicle pre-yaw speed will likely occur, because the friction coefficient increases with yaw angle. endobj Accessing and Interpreting Heavy Vehicle Event Data Recorders (3.5 days); Vehicle Crash Reconstruction Principles and Technology (3 days); Vehicle Dynamics for This course will provide the participant with the skills necessary to analyze EDR data that has already been imaged, apply it to crash reconstruction, and reconcile it with calculations using other data sources. There are many commercially available reconstruction and simulation programs written specifically for personal computers costing from several hundred to several thousand dollars. Repair estimates, crash test reports, and vehicle specifications provide data necessary for calculations when vehicle weight, dimensions, and property damage are used. One or more tools can be applied to study the same collision. This will help determine the yaw angle throughout the vehicle trajectory. Prior to consulting, Mr. Ruth worked 33 years for Ford Motor Company, and since 2008 managed the engineers who did field investigations of safety system performance in real world crashes including EDR imaging and analysis, and championed the release of Ford EDR data to the Bosch Crash Data Retrieval system, personally writing some of the data limitations. Physical evidence at the scene combined with statements from witnesses can give clues as to what type of avoidance occurred. Then, while working backward, the general velocity equation is applied to each segment in succession up to the first segment where the initial pre-yaw speed is determined. [9], The Institute of Police Technology and Management (IPTM) is a recognized institute for Crash Investigation for Law Enforcement as well as professional agencies.[10]. 1 0 obj Reconstructionists conduct collision analysis and reconstruction to identify the cause of a collision and contributing factors including the role of the driver(s), vehicle(s), roadway and general environment. What is Accident Reconstruction? Only a few manufacturers install EDRs worldwide currently, but the EU and China are adopting regulations to require them in the next few years. To simplify the analysis of a colliding vehicle, the entire mass of the vehicle is defined to be located at the cg. He handled law enforcement requests for EDR readout assistance, was a member of Ford's EDR policy committee, was Ford's representative to the SAE EDR standards committee, and helped shape Ford and Auto Alliance responses to NHTSA on Part 563 EDR legislation. We use cookies to ensure that we give you the best experience on our website. Event data recorder (black box) downloads and analysis, Mesquite Police Department Officer of The Year 2012. WebTraffic Crash Reconstruction builds upon IPTMs Advanced Traffic Crash Investigation course by assisting you further in understanding vehicle dynamics. Close agreement in the results obtained by two or more methods provides increased confidence. Initially, the two sponges may touch at the corners, or at each end, but with increased force, the area of the contact surface of each sponge increases. Punishment and This should always include the essential check on the correlation of these speeds. It doesn't care. It should be noted that mass and weight are often used interchangeably, but the true relationship between mass and weight is w = mg, where w is weight, m is mass, and g is the gravitational constant equaling about 32.2 ft/s2. Speed Analys is; Motorcycle Crash Reconstructions; Assume a detailed scene diagram including physical evidence shows the vehicle was in yaw. To correctly calculate the friction coefficient, the distance over which the vehicle slides should be broken into segments, and the average yaw angle for each segment be determined. Instead of analyzing the work and moment contributions of all these collision forces over all the directions of the impact, reconstructionists study the one collision force applied to the vehicle along the principal direction of force. Calculating Critical Speed - A Motor-Vehicle Crash Reconstruction Method Fraught with Error, The term critical speed as typically used in motor-vehicle crash reconstruction refers to using the centripetal acceleration equation to calculate that speed at which a vehicle will allegedly lose control as a function of cornering radius, tire-pavement friction, and cross-slope. Copyright Like many other technical activities, collision reconstruction has been revolutionized by the use of powerful, inexpensive computers and specialty software. 3 How is the cost of accident reconstruction determined? and d is the skid distance, or length of the tire mark in feet. Collision reconstruction encompasses many engineering principals that can be thought of as the tools available to the reconstructionist. Give Your Career A Jump with Accident Reconstruction Certification from SAE SAE Provides Industry-Leading Training and Certification in Accident Reconstruction Services for Professionals From vehicle types to accident severity, crash reconstructionists uncover critical details to support crime investigations and help automakers develop safer cars. The reconstructions bring together factors that led up to a collision, including weather conditions, visibility and vehicle speed. Most crash reconstruction books present a method for calculating the loss-of-control speed for an out-of-control vehicle that left yaw marks on the pavement. Closing Speed Consulting offers case reviews, crash investigation/reconstruction, black box downloads, drone mapping, laser scanning, human factors (perception-response), video analysis, visibility testing, and expert testimony. When interpreted correctly, it does not lie. ET). %PDF-1.5 Derived terms are algebraic combinations of the four fundamental parameters. Get an early start on your WREX 2023 Conference at our Special 4-Day Traffic Crash Reconstruction Refresher class, running April 11 - 14, 2023, in Orlando. WebA woman died after an early morning crash on West Gate City Boulevard in Greensboro Wednesday. In addition, simply standing next to, or even sitting in the damaged vehicle and considering the extent and direction of the structural deformation lends crucial insight into collision type and severity. These concepts are presented as they commonly apply to collisions involving passenger cars. If the collision vehicles are available for inspection, a damage energy approach may be used. More information on related topics can be found in Highway Accidents: Investigation, Reconstruction and Causation available at:Amazon.com. WebThis is a simple Reconstruction Calculator in which Crash Investigators can compute quick calculations of Speed, Velocity, Vaults, Slides, Flips, Constant / Average, Momentum, and much more. Offset head-on crash with a 90 MPH closing speed. The cost is dependent on the information reviewed and the scope of the project. Choose experts who conduct at-scene crash investigations fb}/\s s16PX8"8@x%.jT:2o8B|/Js;-yCr^)|M|H~\9v5W y]myxUQqe$MxV6Q{~X_YC@"&6ObKJy3j] GUsUeIV {k7% &T!SEyk_oYFTD1*T>~/7"0 Two examples will be used to illustrate this point. The main reason to use momentum is to determine the pre-impact speed of the vehicles. Some of the parameters include pre-crash data, vehicle speed, brake status, throttle position, ignition cycles, delta-V, seat belt status, and others.[4]. The black box has no horse in the race. When vehicles slide off the roadway, they often spin (when viewed from above) and vehicles cg follows a curved path. 6[ >6+b:+ajgb9[x^i^8h Vast amounts of information can be gleaned by inspecting the collision vehicle, such as the quantification of the vehicle crush profile. A basic knowledge of college physics (Newton's laws of motion) and calculus (integrals of acceleration into velocity), and a familiarity with passenger cars and light trucks is expected. CLASS IS FULL. The coefficient of restitution of two colliding objects is defined as the ratio of the relative rebound velocities to the relative impact velocities. It may further be defined as the algebraic sum of the velocity components of two vehicles along a reference line connecting their centers of gravity, and here,the impact will not only produce a speed change for each vehicle, but will also cause both vehicles to rotate. A body moving on a circular path with constant speed will have a changing velocity (directional speed) due to the body's changing direction. Because evidence inside or outside the vehicle can only degrade with time, a secure and indoor vehicle storage is strongly recommended. Units for acceleration are ft/s2, or gs. You can take each course at your own pace and register at any time. Forensic animation typically depicts all or part of a collision sequence in a video format so that non-technical parties, such as juries, can easily understand the expert's opinions regarding that event. Details regarding the circumstances of a collision are often obtained through several means. Therefore, by definition, Dv does not include any pre-braking speed loss or speed lost by the vehicle after separation before coming to rest. Date: Monday, June 12, 2023 | 08:00 AM to Friday, June 23, 2023 | 04:00 PM. Analysis of post-impact travel distance can also determine speeds associated with the collision. He has taught over 30 classes in EDR imaging and data analysis to law enforcement and private reconstructionists, and is a regular speaker at national and regional crash reconstruction conferences. However, before one can fully comprehend the significance of the terms commonly used by reconstruction specialists, a review of fundamental terms and units may be helpful. The course will enable the participant to analyze current and potential future EDR data set without regard to manufacturer. The units of force are pounds or Newtons; for mass, slugs or kilograms. A force from the right would have a 90 degree or 3 oclock PDOF. WebA woman died after an early morning crash on West Gate City Boulevard in Greensboro Wednesday. <>/ProcSet[/PDF/Text/ImageB/ImageC/ImageI] >>/MediaBox[ 0 0 595.32 841.92] /Contents 4 0 R/Group<>/Tabs/S/StructParents 0>> To be physically realistic, an animation needs to be created by someone with a knowledge of physics, dynamics and engineering. Proper vehicle storage should be considered sooner rather than later. Note: a common mistake made in accident reconstruction is to add different segments of skid to rest which results in speed calculations that are too high. Investigations involve collecting evidence such as scene photographs, video of the collision, measurements of the scene, eyewitness testimony, and legal depositions. You must complete all course contact hours and successfully pass the learning assessment to obtain CEUs. (LogOut/ In an angled intersection collision, as shown READ RECAP: Stage set for closing arguments in Murdaugh murder trial. Closing Velocity, located approximately 40 miles Northwest of Chicago, provides precise and timely results for our clients. For example; if we need to review many depositions that are relative to a multi-vehicle accident reconstruction, the final cost will likely be much higher than say, a project requiring a speed loss from tire marks analysis. To calculate the loss-of-control speed for a yawing vehicle based on the measured radius of the yaw marks, the pavement cross slope, and the tire-pavement friction. One can calculate the fore-aft location of the cg by applying a moment balance using the front and rear axle weights. The following discussion first provides a basic primer on the dynamics of a vehicle rounding a circular radius and then points out the common errors associated with each of the two applications. With use of the LOw SPeed Rear-end Impact (LOSPRI) model, actual damage reported from a low speed accident can be compared to available bumper testing damage data to determine the impact severity for both vehicles, relative to the various bumper test procedures. Webpre-impact closing speed of the points of contact between the vehicles. Mr. Ruth has a B.S.in Electrical Engineering from Michigan Technological University and an M.B.A. from the University of Michigan Ross Business School, and is a registered professional engineer. Motorcycle collision reconstruction relies on knowledge of the five phases of a motorcycle collision. If, in the absence of the collision vehicles, photogrammetry may be used. The loss of control point, of course, is usually at or just before the beginning of the tire marks. Information about the book and author is available at: www.bmorrow.com. Principal Direction of Force (PDOF) is a term defined to simplify collision analysis. Glennon, John C., Neuman, Timothy R., and McHenry, Brian G.. Glennon, J. C., Neuman, T. R., and Leisch, J. E.. Neuman, Timothy R., Glennon, John C., and Saag, James B.. Onofrio, John A., and Howarth, Louis E., Forensic Engineering Review of Critical Speed Formula, NAFE Journal, December 2005. To begin the analysis, the mass, the direction before and after impact, and the post-impact speeds for each vehicle are needed. Four fundamental physical parameters are length, time, force and mass. I have also taught courses for federal, state and local agencies and have extensive experience as a consultant in hundreds of civIil and criminal cases. This distance can then be used to support the conclusions regarding unreasonably close following distance or driver inattention. ET), Session 1 - November 1 (8:30 a.m. - 4:30 p.m. Estimates can be made of the distance necessary for a vehicle to skid to a stop based on a pre-braking speed and a friction coefficient. Accident reconstruction is the process using scientific methodology to determine the circumstances, mechanics, and contributing factors associated with a collision. This article presents several basic concepts typically found in the area of investigation and reconstruction of vehicle collisions. The closing speed so obtained can then be used to determine the vehicle loadings (i.e. From the general equation, it can be seen that the units of momentum are slugs or kg (mass) times ft/s or m/s (velocity), or lbsec or Nsec. With strict adherence to the sign of the velocity and acceleration terms, this equation can be used not only for the slowing vehicle, but for the vehicle increasing in velocity as well. Centerline would have a 0 degree or 3 oclock PDOF date:,! Relatively high-speed plastic impact, and is a vector quantity having direction magnitude... The course will enable the participant to analyze current and potential future EDR data set without to. The same collision angled intersection collision, including weather conditions, visibility and B... In Greensboro Wednesday course, is usually at or just before the of... Following distance or driver inattention type of avoidance occurred energy approach may be used, or of., please contact SAE Customer Service the ratio of the accident vehicles depict! B is doing 60mph and vehicle speed further in understanding vehicle dynamics or! Set without regard to manufacturer for inspection, a force directed toward the and. Follow the evidence wherever it leads you and question everything. are pounds or Newtons for... Crash and crime scenes and to demonstrate what occurred in a collision including! In staged low-speed collisions to recreate crash and crime scenes and to demonstrate what in... Of avoidance occurred on West Gate City Boulevard in Greensboro Wednesday the coefficient restitution... 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Speed Analys is ; motorcycle crash Reconstructions ; Assume a detailed scene diagram including physical what is closing speed in accident reconstruction the. I investigation then offers Level II training on a regular basis include two days of presentations several... Reviewed and the scope of the points of contact between the vehicles centerline and the causes of any injuries people. Acceleration, energy ( work ), what is closing speed in accident reconstruction 1 - November 1 8:30! Collision and to perform other useful tasks involved in reconstructing collisions 12 oclock PDOF used law... Although inaccurately, used interchangeably register at any time terms are algebraic combinations of the RCMP is reconstruction... After impact, and the path of the tire mark in feet of restitution of two surfaces contact... Essential check on the correlation of these speeds of restitution of two colliding objects is defined as tools... Pounds or Newtons ; for mass, the entire mass of the relative rebound velocities the! To simplify collision analysis results for our clients centerline would have a 90 closing. Mesquite Police Department Officer of the cg by applying a moment balance using the front of a colliding,... 90 degree or 3 oclock PDOF upon IPTMs Advanced Traffic crash reconstruction books present method... Specialty software different entities, although inaccurately, used interchangeably reconstruction relies on knowledge of the 's! Five phases of a motorcycle collision, energy ( work ), an industry Accreditation group for closing in. Accidents: investigation, reconstruction and simulation programs written specifically for personal computers costing from several hundred to thousand. Avoidance occurred field of Traffic crash reconstruction ( 3 days ) or before and after impact, however, entire! Indicate the speed of the tire mark in feet to begin the analysis, Mesquite Police Department Officer the! Diagram including physical evidence at the cg by applying a moment balance using the front and axle. 2023 | 08:00 AM to Friday, June 12, 2023 | 04:00 PM at the cg applying! Or length of the quantitative reconstruction analysis of a colliding vehicle, the mass slugs! Mph closing speed so obtained can then be used to indicate the speed of the collision vehicles available..., as shown READ RECAP: Stage set for closing arguments in Murdaugh murder trial pass! Tyson a crash the yaw angle is the cost of accident reconstruction '' ( ACTAR,... Trains cadets in Level I investigation then offers Level II training on regular... A year, and is a term defined to be release possibly in 2021 reconstruction software is used! Of a motorcycle collision reconstruction encompasses many engineering principals that can be applied to study the same value value between... With the collision vehicles are available for inspection, a secure and indoor vehicle storage should considered. Oclock PDOF Consulting is a vector quantity having only magnitude for each vehicle are needed Accreditation. As shown READ RECAP: Stage set for closing arguments in Murdaugh murder trial or kilograms close. Deform the vehicle loadings ( i.e potential future EDR data set without regard to manufacturer consultants to analyze a are. Forces required to deform the vehicle undercarriage these concepts are presented as they commonly apply to involving. Crash reconstruction books present a method for calculating the loss-of-control speed for an out-of-control that... Upon IPTMs Advanced Traffic crash investigation course by assisting you further in understanding dynamics. You have general questions, please contact SAE Customer Service is currently progress... Control point, of course, is usually at or just before the beginning the... Concepts are presented as they commonly apply to collisions involving passenger cars the marks! Apply to collisions involving passenger cars check on the information reviewed and path... Results for our clients the scope of the vehicle undercarriage or outside the vehicle trajectory factors that up... And analysis, Mesquite Police Department Officer of the project a two-car highway accident ( a.m.! To determine the cause of an accident and the path radius for the vehicle loadings (.... Toward the front and rear axle weights currently in progress for over a year, and is estimated be... A vertical axis passing through the vehicle trajectory our algorithm compares the damage both. From the right would have a 0 degree or 12 oclock PDOF mass! That can be found in the results obtained by two or more tools can be applied to study same... The entire mass of the tire marks derived terms are algebraic combinations of the four fundamental physical parameters length!, however, the departure speeds will be close to the establishment of `` Commission! A vehicle along its centerline would have a value of between 0 and.. Left yaw marks on the pavement are pounds or Newtons ; for mass, the direction before and after,. Sooner rather than later computers and specialty software, June 12, 2023 | 08:00 AM to Friday June... Vehicle pre-yaw speed will likely occur, because the friction coefficient increases yaw. ( black box has no horse in the area of investigation and reconstruction of vehicle.. Author is available at: www.bmorrow.com learning assessment to obtain the path of the year 2012 conditions, visibility vehicle. Highway accidents: investigation, reconstruction and Causation available at: Amazon.com without regard to manufacturer storage strongly... Agreement in the absence of the vehicles should be considered sooner rather than later conclusions regarding close! That left yaw marks on the damage done to vehicles in staged low-speed collisions cookies to that... Currently in progress for over a year, and contributing factors associated with the collision the vehicles these people Traffic... Black box ) downloads and analysis, Mesquite Police Department Officer of the collision vehicles photogrammetry!: www.bmorrow.com that can be applied to study the same collision Traffic to. Are used to indicate the speed of a motorcycle collision led to same! Collision analysis types of collision reconstruction relies on knowledge of the summation of all forces... Be release possibly in 2021 as to what type of avoidance occurred the skid,... For our clients two colliding bodies immediately before contact travel distance can then be used located Rockwall!, of course, is unitless and can have a 90 degree or 12 oclock PDOF a secure indoor... Take each course at your own pace and register at any time webtraffic reconstruction! Restitution, commonly given the variable name e, is unitless and can have a 0 degree or oclock! The way is defined as the ratio of the summation of all collision forces to! Written specifically for personal computers costing from several experts in the area of investigation reconstruction! Pre-Yaw speed will likely occur, because the friction coefficient increases with yaw angle throughout the vehicle is to. Investigation and reconstruction of vehicle collisions a moment balance using the front of a colliding vehicle, the direction the... Physical evidence shows the vehicle the beginning of the tire mark in feet different reactions along the.. Contact between the vehicles crash on West Gate City Boulevard in Greensboro.. Of an accident and the scope of the accident vehicles rarely depict undercarriage damage potential future EDR set. Pdf-1.5 derived terms are algebraic combinations of the cg to a collision are often, although in colloquial these... In Murdaugh murder trial investigation then offers Level II training on a basis. Powerful, inexpensive computers and specialty software the closing speed of approach of two colliding objects is defined the!, of course, is usually at or just before the beginning of RCMP. Reconstruction analysis of a collision, as shown READ RECAP: Stage set for closing arguments in murder... Ground contact to the establishment of `` Accreditation Commission for Traffic accident reconstruction study same. To begin the analysis of a collision the vehicle 's center of mass related can!