The case against memory consolidation in REM sleep. Lesion of the alpha coeruleus nucleus impairs the tonic motor inhibition; lesion of the pedunculo-pontine tegmental nucleus impairs the phasic motor inhibition (58,59). Human regional cerebral blood flow during rapid eye movement sleep. Electrical stimulation of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes bilateral muscle atonia in decerebrate cats (52). Penile erection, that also occurs in monkeys, is present during desynchronized (paradoxical or REMsleep) but it is not necessarily linked to erotic dreams. We found that, in the average, during attentive wakefulness heart rate is nearly 320 bpm; in synchronized sleep it decreases to 244 bpm and during phasic movements that unveil oniric activity it increases again. 120. 84. WebDream theories attempt to inform us of our deeper psychological states and shed light on the function of our dreams. Electroencephal Clin Neurophysiol 1955:673-690. An official website of the United States government. This neural activity is then interpreted by the brain as an internal activity. Further studies have shown that the pathways from the alphacoeruleus nuclei to inhibit the motoneurons are rather complex. In this review, the neural circuits underlying dreaming and the physiological functions associated with it are summarized. For the first time, direct and systematic investigation could be made of such topics as the occurrence, qualities, recollection, and childhood development of dreaming. 35. Maquet et al. Electrophysiological manifestations of wakefulness and desynchronized sleep in the rat. Wallace CS, Withers GS, George VM, Clayton OF, Greenough WT. 33. Whereas Freud was convinced that dream forgetting was an active function of repression, Hobson, Pace-Schott & Stickgold (2000) attribute the failure to recall a dream to a state-dependent amnesia caused by aminergic demodulation of the sleeping brain (120). WebAs the foregoing discussion of rival theories of dream function suggests, there are many findings that contradict the idea that dreams have any kind of physiological or 75. In Greece dreams were called oneiros, a word that originated the adjective oniric but that meant not exactly what was dreamed about neither the dreaming process, which was not rated as something important, but the phantasmata, i.e. Accordingly, the H reflex, an equivalent to the Achillean reflex that is provoked not by stretching the gastrocnemius tendon but by applying electrical pulses to its afferents in the sciatic nerve, is highly depressed during this phase of sleep (48). Neurology 1999;53:2193-5. Before 11. Baldissera F, Cesa-Bianchi MG, Mancia M. Spinal reflexes in normal and unrestrained cats during sleep and wakefulness. Nofzinger EA, Mintun MA, Wiseman MB, Kupfer DJ, Moore Ry. Cognitive and emotional processes during dreaming: a neuroimaging view. Brainstem Control of Wakefulness and Sleep. J Neurophysiol 1938;1:413-30. Sleep 1973;2:36-42. 98. Pompeiano O. Learn Mem 1999;6:500-8. Therefore, it seems that there are two major descending pathways from the rostral pons to the medulla that mediate muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep, one involved in the tonic and the other in the phasic muscle inhibition. 57. However, human oniric behaviors are also expressed as lips, tongue and facial movements, as well as fingers, toes and whole limbs jerks, as described above. Roussy F, Camirand C, Foulkes D, De Koninck J, Loftis M, Kerr NH. 83. 19. Braz J Med Biol Res 1995;28:385-96. Experimental study. Nature 1989;304:111-4. (1999) (126,127,129,130). Miyauchi S, Takino R, Fukuda H, Torii S. Electrophysiological evidence for dreaming. 49. The neurophysiological mechanisms of the postural and motor events during desynchronized sleep. On the other hand, respiration usually undergoes a reduction in frequency and in frequency variation but during dreaming activity the respiratory frequency increases and becomes variable, which is certainly related to the temporal evolution of the oniric experience, as is the case during wakefulness. 73. The heart rate and breathing quickens, and blood pressure rises. Our experience with eye movements in rats (30-32) and cats (33) shows, however, that eye movements are sometimes asymmetric but in other occasions they tend to be of the scanning kind. Eine Methodik der Ableitung localisierter Potentialschwankungen aus subcortikalen Hirngebieten. This organ receives information from the entire body, including the baroreceptors, as shown by Moruzzi (80). Dreams and Nightmares in Patients With Obstructive Sleep Apnea: A Review. Assoc Psychophysiol Stud Sleep. Doctoral thesis, Federal University of So Paulo, 1995. On Sleep and Dreams. De Sanctis, in 1899, in his book I Sogni, Studi Clinici ed Psicologici di un Alienista (Dreams, Clinical and Psychological Studies of a Psychiatrist), cites no less than 323 articles and books dealing with dreams, which proves that the objective study of dreams did not start during the middle of the 20th century, as is usually taken for granted (4). The authors concluded that the correlation they found was probably involved in memory consolidation but such coincidence may indicate that during dreaming memorized information is being revoked to integrate a given dreaming pattern. 136. When they sleep, fishes keep quiet, with no apparent movements, and then they can be easily fished with a hand.". Desynchronization is the rule, during this phase, in all cortical electro-oscillograms in humans and other primates. Disclaimer. Cesar Timo-Iaria (in memorian); Angela Cristina do Valle. ", "As to the oviparous creatures, it is obvious that they sleep but it is impossible to state that they dream. 8. Eye movements in humans predominate because vision is our main sensory channel and our visual memory is overwhelmingly predominant, resulting in preponderance of visual dreams. Important dream theories are Freud's interpretation of dreams, Solms M. Dreaming and REM sleep are controlled by different brain mechanisms. The Jungian approach believed they are meaningful and contain; information-processing. According to Mancia (1995), the brain "produces dreams" as "a symbolic process of elaborating, interpreting and reorganizing in narrative sequences all the material accumulated in the memory during waking hours". physiological function. In fact, when the voltage of each theta wave in one site is compared with the voltage in another site it is possible to assess the degree of coincidence or phase shift between the two sites. (eds.) The preferential eye movements direction may be related to the dream content and, perhaps, as such also to hemispheric dominance but it should always be taken into consideration that any movement originated by a dream is always faulty, otherwise we would perform normal behaviors during a dream, what does not happen due to the inhibition of motoneurons. 64. 2009 Nov;10(11):803-13. doi: 10.1038/nrn2716. 90. Problems with Physiological function Theory This does Karger, Basel, 1997:65-76. The other is that dreams are caused Les Belles Lettres, Paris 1978. Hodes R, Dement WC. In: The Neuropsychology of Sleep and Dreaming, Antrobus, J. S. & Bertini, M. The most prominent, the activation-synthesis hypothesis, derived its view of dreaming directly from the neurophysiology of REM sleep, in particular the role of the brain stem, and in its original form regarded dreams as not essentially meaningful. 115. Mirmiran M, Van Someren E. The importance of REM sleep for brain maturation. University of Chicago Press, Chicago & London edition 1985. Physiol., Springer-Verlag, Berlin 1972:166-307. Plenum Press, 1990. He gives Petersohn D, Schoch S, Brinkmann DR, Thiel G. The human synapsin II gene promoter. 60. Sleeping and Waking. Neurosc Biobehav Rev 1992;16:372-97. Arch Psychiat Nervenkrankh 1938;109:1-17. After transection of the brain stem at the pontomesencephalic transition, rostrally to locus coeruleus, desynchronized sleep still occurs below the transection (10,90-93). During wakefulness theta waves consistently exhibit a lesser voltage and are less regular than during desynchronized sleep, what makes it easy to tell wakefulness from desynchronized sleep from the shear inspection of the electro-oscillograms (21,30,31,125). Although such movements are not always obviously compatible with the dream content (27), as should be expected (see below), as a rule they can be related to the dreams. Chase MH, Morales FR. Dreams in which walking occurs are very common (4,5) and coincide with limb movements, however faulty. Soja PJ, Lopez-Rodriguez F, Morales FR, Chase MH. On the functional role of consciousness. Ann Rev Psychol 1990;41:557-884. (ed. 30. In 1944 Obhlmeyer, Brilmayer & Uhlstrung (10) observed that in humans penile erection occurs during sleep at intervals of 85 minutes, which is the average duration of a sleep cycle. 23. Accordingly, they are known as PGO (pontine, occipital cortex and lateral geniculate nucleus) potentials. An important contemporary of these authors, Charles Darwin, in his landmarking book Emotions in Man and Animals, published in 1872 and reedited several times in the twentieth century (6), states that "at least birds and mammals do dream", a concept that still remains unchallenged, despite which most researchers that carry out studies on sleep still hold that dreaming is specifically human. 103. 51. Vanni-Mercier G, Pelisson D, Goffart L, Sakai K, Jouvet M. Eye saccade dynamics during paradoxical sleep in the cat. Generation of sleep is reasonably well known but not that of dreaming. Time course of foslike immunoreactivity associated with cholinergically induced REM sleep. Plotting the amplitude of the Achillean reflex of cats during sleep Pompeiano (1967) found that while the animal coursed synchronized sleep, this stretch reflex was almost normal, only slightly reduced as compared to its intensity during wakefulness (41). This fundamental issue in learning is, however, still far from being settled, inasmuch as there are several controversial facts in the pertinent literature. C R Soc Biol (Paris) 1969;163:181-6. Nature 1989;340:474-6. Shiromani PJ, Malik M, Winston S, McCarley RW. Finally, in 1953 Aserinsky & Kleitman started the present phase of the study of sleep in humans. This statement is incorrect, inasmuch as electro-oscillograms during both states in humans are not so similar as to confound an observer and in rats we have found that theta waves that occur in both attentive wakefulness and in desynchronized sleep are largely different. Inasmuch as dreaming seems to occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has no function in the animal organism. The physiological-functioning theory suggests that dreaming works the same way. Valle AC, Pellarin L, Timo-Iaria C. Oniric patterns in the rat. Stimulus response theory of dream: The stimulus response theory which existed prior to Freud is based upon the associationistic stimulus response view. This theory stresses the relationship between brain changes during sleep and changes in perceptual efficiency. Some disturbing stimuli force activity into one portion of the cerebral cortex. J Neurophysiol 1954;17:532-57. 66. Therefore, theta waves undergo both AM and FM changes that certainly carry some kind of information that may prove in the future to be crucial for understanding dreams. Such a configuration is subsequently compared to memorized patterns and then, and only then, it can be identified by means of the conscious process. Physiological-functioning theor y was supported in a 2009 paper written by J. Allan Their data do not depart from modern studies of the same kind. In 1867, Michelson, a physiologist who was a relative to Kohlschtter, replicated his study and obtained the curve shown in figure 1 (4,8). government site. For sure, many even trivial daily events represent a threat to anyone and are certainly used as subjects for dreams not necessarily because of their emotional component. 78. yet, it is well known since Kohlschtter and Michelson (4,8) that the threshold to awaken a human being during desynchronized sleep is much lower than the one to produce wakefulness during synchronized sleep. By lesioning the alphacoeruleus nuclei such an inhibitory effect is prevented and during oniric activity the movements generated by the dream itself can be expressed, as was clearly demonstrated in Jouvet's Laboratory (50,51) in cats; the animal suddenly gets up, walks, miews and strikes with the paws, as if the animal were awake. Descending projections from the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the caudal medulla in the cat. When the brain stem is transected between the anterior and the posterior colliculi in cats the decerebrate preparation is obtained. On the other hand, cells that were silent during the behavioral task did not show the increase in frequency. Kohyama T, Hori A, Sato T, Nikami T, yamaki T, Veda S. Changes in cerebral blood flow velocity in healthy young men during overnight sleep and while awake. Muscle atonia during desynchronized sleep is, as stated above, generated in the alpha-coeruleus nucleus and involves both direct and indirect pathways that inhibit the motoneurons. We spend a lot of time sleeping. However, we still do not know why most motor units are inactivated while a few ones are mobilized, causing real but incoherent and non-efficient movements. Such a finding is incompatible with the current function attributed to the cerebellum, i.e., only correction of movements. WebEssentially, during sleep the mind integrates new information acquired during the previous day into memory and processes it by making necessary connections. In rats penile erection in desynchronized sleep has also been detected and was found to cease after spinal transection; following mesencephalic transections that spare desynchronized sleep, penile erection was deeply reduced (11). 45. Changes in hippocampal gene expression associated with the induction of long-term potentiation. 81. Timo-Iaria C. Early research on dreaming. Roffwarg HP, Herman J, Lamstein S. The middle ear muscles: predictability of their phasic action in REM sleep from dream recall. Such movements may take the sleeper to fall off the bed. Those that are specific to certain behaviors. In an extensive review on this subject, Solms (2000) describes a complete cessation of dreaming in patients with posterior cortical or deep bilateral frontal lesions (96). To occur in most birds and mammals, it is unlikely that it has function. From the dorsolateral pontine tegmentum to the paramedian reticular nucleus of the nucleus reticularis pontis oralis evokes muscle! 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